1308 


Issued  November  ]9,  1910.. 


U.  S.  DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE. 


FARMERS’  BULLETIN  425. 


Experiment  Station  Work, 

LX. 

Compiled  from  the  Publications  of  the  Agricultural  Experiment  Stations. 


COMMERCIAL  BEAN  GROWING.  *  STALLION  LEGISLATION. 

DIGESTION  EXPERIMENTS  WITH  SUBSTITUTES  FOR  OATS  FOR  HORSES.. 
RANGE  FORAGE  CROPS.  TESTS  FOR  CASEIN  IN  MILK. 


SEPTEMBER,  1910. 


PREPARED  IN  THE  OFFICE  OF  EXPERIMENT  STATIONS. 

A.  C.  TRUEO,  Director. 


WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE. 

1910. 


THE  AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATIONS. 


Alabama — 

College  Station:  Auburn;  J.  F.  Dug- 
gar.0 

Canebrake  Station:  Uniontown;  F. 
D.  Stevens.0 

Tuskegee  Station:  Tuskegee  Insti¬ 
tute;  G.  W.  Carver.0 
Alaska— Sitka:  C.  C.  GeorgesonA 
Arizona — Tucson:  R.  II.  Forbes.0 
Arkansas — Fayetteville:  C.  F.  Adams.0 
Californl\. — Berkeley:  E.  J.  W  ickson.° 
Colorado — Fort  Collins:  C.  P.  Gillette.0 
Connecticut — 

State  Station:  New  Haven;  E.  H. 
Jenkins.0 

Storrs  Station:  Stores;  L.  A.  Clinton.0 
Delaware— Newark:  Harry  Hayward.0 
Florida — Gainesville:  P.  H.  Rolfs.0 
Georgia — Experiment:  Martin  .  Cal¬ 
vin.0 

Guam — Island  of  Guam:  J.  B.  Thomp¬ 
son. & 

Hawaii — - 

Federal  Station:  Honolulu;  E.  V. 
Wilcox  A 

Sugar  Planters’  Station:  Honolulu; 
C.  F.  Eckart.° 

Idaho — Moscow:  W.  L.  Carl  vie.  ° 

V 

Illinois — Urbana:  E.  Davenport.0 
Indiana — Lafayette:  A.  Goss.0 
Iowa — Ames:  C.  F.  Curtiss.0 
Kansas — Manhattan:  E.  H.  Webster.0 
Kentucky — Lexington:  M.  A.  Scovell.® 
Louisiana — 

State  Station:  Baton  Rouge. 

Sugar  Station:  Audubon  Park,  New 
Orleans. 

North  Louisiana  Station:  Calhoun. 
Rice  Experiment  Station:  Crowley; 
W.  R.  Dodson  (Baton  Rouge)  a 
Maine — Orono:  C.  D.  Woods.0 
Maryland — College  Park:  H.  J.  Patter¬ 
son.0 

Massachusetts  —  Amherst:  W.  P. 
Brooks.0 

Michigan — East  Lansing:  R.  S.  Shaw.° 
Minnesota — University  Farm,  St.  Paul: 
A.  F.  Woods.0 

Mississippi — Agricultural  College:  J.  W. 
Fox.0 

Missouri — 

College  Station:  Columbia;  F.  B. 
Mum  ford.0 

a  Director.  b  Special  agent  i 


Missouri — Continued. 

Fruit  Station:  Mountain  Grove ;  P. 
Evans.0 

Montana — Bozeman:  F.  B.  Linfield.° 
Nebraska — Lincoln:  E.  A.  Burnett.0 
Nevada — Reno:  J.  E.  Stubbs.0 
New  Hampshire — Durham:  J.  C.  Ken¬ 
dall.0 

New  Jersey — New  Brunswick:  E.  B. 
Voorhees.° 

New  Mexico — Agricultural  College:  L. 

Foster.0 
New  York — 

State  Station:  Geneva;  W.  H.  Jor¬ 
dan.0 

Cornell  Station:  Ithaca;  L.  H.  Bai- 
ley.° 

North  Carolina — 

College  Station:  West  Raleigh;  C.  B. 
Williams.0 

State  Station:  Raleigh;  B.  W.  Kil¬ 
gore.0 

North  Dakota — Agricultural  College: 
J.  H.  Worst.0 

Ohio — Wooster:  C.  E.  Thorne.0 
Oklahoma — Stillwater:  B.  C.  Pittuck.0 

Oregon — Corvallis:  J.  Withvcombe.0 

%/ 

Pennsylvania — 

State  College:  T.  F.  Hunt.0 
State  College:  Institute  of  Animal 
Nutrition;  H.  P.  Armsby.° 

Porto  Rico — Mayaguez:  D.  W.  May  A 
Rhode  Island — Kingston:  II .  J.  Wheel¬ 
er.0 

South  Carolina — Clemson  College:  J.  N. 
Harper.0 

South  Dakota — Brookings:  J.  W.  Wil¬ 
son.0 

Tennessee — Knoxville:  H.  A.  Morgan.0 
Texas — College  Station:  H.  H.  Harring¬ 
ton.0 

Lttah — Logan:  E.  D.  Ball.0 
Vermont — Burlington:  J.  L.  Hills.0 
Virginia — 

Blacksburg:  S.  W.  Fletcher.0 
Norfolk:  Truck  Station;  T.  C.  John¬ 
son.0 

Washington  —  Pullman:  R.  W. 
Thatcher.0 

West  Virginia  —  Morgantown:  J.  H. 
Stewart.0 

Wisconsin — Madison:  H.  L.  Russell.0 
Wyoming — Laramie:  H.  G.  Knight.0 
charge.  c  Acting  director. 


EXPERIMENT  STATION  WORK. 

Edited  by  W.  H.  Beal  and  the  Staff  of  Experiment  Station  Record. 


Experiment  Station  Work  is  a  subseries  of  brief  popular  bulletins  compiled  from 
the  published  reports  of  the  agricultural  experiment  stations  and  kindred  institutions 
in  this  and  other  countries.  The  chief  object  of  these  publications  is  to  disseminate 
throughout  the  country  information  regarding  experiments  at  the  different  experiment 
stations,  and  thus  to  acquaint  farmers  in  a  general  way  with  the  progress  of  agricultural 
investigation  on  its  practical  side.  The  results  herein  reported  should  for  the  most 
part  be  regarded  as  tentative  and  suggestive  rather  than  conclusive.  Further  experi¬ 
ments  may  modify  them,  and  experience  alone  can  show  how  far  they  will  be  useful 
in  actual  practice.  The  work  of  the  stations  must  not  be  depended  upon  to  produce 
‘ ‘rules  for  farming.”  How  to  apply  the  results  of  experiments  to  his  own  conditions 
will  ever  remain  the  problem  of  the  individual  farmer. — A.  C.  True,  Director,  Office 
of  Experiment  Stations. 


CONTENTS  OF  NO.  LX. 


Page. 


Commercial  bean  growing .  5 

Digestion  experiments  with  range  forage  crops .  9 

Indian  potato  ( Atxnia  gairdneri ) . 9 

Sunflower  ( Wyethia  mollis ) .  10 

Balsam  root  or  big  sunflower  ( Balsamorrhiza  sagittata ) .  10 

Wild  carrot  ( Leytotsenia  multijida ) .  10 

Mountain  Indian  pink  or  painted  cup  ( Castilleia  miniata  var.) .  10 

Western  brome  grass  ( Bromus  marginatus ) .  11 

Native  blue  grass  ( Poa  sandbergii ) .  11 

Wild  dandelion  ( Crepis  intermedia) .  11 

Bitter  brush  ( Kunzia  tridentata) .  11 

Little  lupine  ( Lupinus  sp.) .  11 

Bitter  vetch  ( Lathyrus  coriaceus ) .  12 

Stallion  legislation  in  the  United  States .  12 

Wisconsin .  12 

Iowa .  14 

Minnesota . : .  14 

Colorado,  Nebraska,  and  Pennsylvania .  15 

Utah .  15 

New  Jersey .  16 

Illinois .  16 

Kansas .  17 

Montana .  17 

North  Dakota .  17 

South  Dakota .  17 

Oregon . 17 

Idaho .  18 

Effect  of  stallion  legislation .  18 

Substitutes  for  oats  in  rations  for  horses .  18 

Simple  quantitative  tests  for  casein .  20 

The  New  York  State  Station  test .  20 

The  Hart  (Wisconsin  Station)  test .  22 

425 


3 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Page. 

Fig.  1.  A  modern  bean  harvester .  8 

2.  Apparatus  and  reagents  required  in  the  New  York  State  Station  casein 

test .  20 

3.  Apparatus  required  in  the  Hart  (Wisconsin  Station)  casein  test .  22 

425 

4 


EXPERIMENT  STATION  WORK. 


COMMERCIAL  BEAU  GROWING.6 

The  bean,  Phaseolus  vulgaris,  lias  long  furnished  a  favorite  food  for 
many  races  of  mankind.  It  is  too  valuable  for  this  purpose  to  be 
used  extensively  as  a  food  for  animals,  but  the  straw,  pods,  and  the 
culls  rejected  with  gravel  and  trash  in  cleaning  the  crop  for  human 
food  are  used  to  balance  the  rations  of  various  farm  animals.  As 
they  usually  command  a  good  price,  beans  are  especially  valuable  as 
a  money  crop,  which  can  be  grown  on  small  or  large  areas  as  circum¬ 
stances  demand. 

Although  beans  will  grow  well  on  almost  any  land  that  will  pro¬ 
duce  the  principal  cereal  crops,  they  are  especially  useful  in  utilizing 
and  improving  thin  land.  They  prefer  a  heavy  clay  loam  that  is 
well  drained.  The  most  desirable  soils  for  beans  are  clay  loams  or 
soils  overlying  limestone.  Gravelly  soil  may  be  used  if  the  gravel 
is  not  too  coarse,  but  muck  soils  or  soils  very  rich  in  humus  are  likely 
to  produce  too  much  vine  and  too  little  seed.  Low,  wet,  or  poorly 
drained  soils  can  not  be  expected  to  give  good  results.  A  25-bushel 
crop  of  beans  contains  about  56.2  pounds  of  nitrogen,  13.5  pounds 
of  phosphoric  acid,  and  22  pounds  of  potash,  but  as  the  nitrogen  is 
largely  obtained  from  the  air  the  crop  is  not  an  exhausting  one  to 
the  land. 

It  is  impossible  to  tell  which  of  the  many  varieties  of  beans  will 
prove  best  for  a  given  locality  until  a  careful  test  has  been  made. 
The  Choice  Navy  variety  matured  about  September  17  at  the  Vir¬ 
ginia  Station,  and  produced  the  highest  average  yield,  22.5  bushels- 
The  average  yields  of  straw  per  acre  in  the  same  test  of  nine  varieties 
ranged  from  0.3  to  0.85  ton  per  acre.  It  is  sometimes  thought  that 
the  kidney  beans  thrive  on  heavier  and  stronger  soils  than  those 
best  adapted  to  the  smaller  white  beans.  Tests  made  in  New  York 

a  A  progress  record  of  experimental  inquiries,  published  without  assumption  of 
responsibility  by  the  Department  for  the  correctness  of  the  facts  and  conclusions 
reported  by  the  stations. 

b  Compiled  from  Michigan  Sta.  Bui.  359;  New  York  Cornell.  Sta.  Bui.  210;  Virginia 
Sta.  Bui.  168,  p.  282.  For  further  information  on  the  production  and  use  of  beans 
see  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Farmers’  Buis.  78,  p.  27;  169,  p.  26. 

425 


5 


6 


EXPERIMENT  STATION  WORK,  LX. 


fail  to  verify  this  view,  but  indicated  that  there  was  a  great  difference 
of  productivity  of  the  different  varieties  of  beans  on  any  given  soil. 
No  regularity  of  results  was  observed  which  justified  the  restriction  of 
plantings  on  any  given  soil  to  any  type  of  bean.  The  principal  varie¬ 
ties  grown  in  New  York  are  the  Pea  beans,  the  Mediums,  the  Bed 
Kidney,  and  the  White  Marrows,  while  the  five  leading  varieties 
grown  in  Michigan  are  the  Pea,  Medium,  Ked  Kidney,  White  Kidney, 
and  Black  Turtle  Soup.  One  experienced  grower,  quoted  in  a 
Michigan  bulletin,  prefers  the  little,  old-fashioned  pea  bean  as  a 
money  crop. 

Beans  produce  best  on  an  inverted  clover  sod,  and  in  New  York 
are  usually  given  this  position  in  a  clover,  bean,  wheat  rotation. 
Where  corn  and  potatoes  are  grown  they  are  sometimes  given  a  part 
of  a  clover  sod  and  followed  by  beans,  making  the  rotation  one  of 
four  years.  Where  the  bean  crop  is  to  be  followed  by  wheat  the 
pea  and  medium  varieties  are  preferred,  because  their  earlier  maturity 
permits  their  removal  from  the  land  early  enough  for  thorough 
preparation  for  wheat.  The  larger  varieties  that  hold  the  land 
longer  may  be  followed  by  corn  or  potatoes.  In  Michigan,  a  similar 
3-year  rotation  is  followed,  but  it  is  suggested  that  some  alsike  and 
timothy  be  mixed  with  the  clover  that  the  hay  crop  may  be  followed 
by  pasture,  thus  giving  a  different  4-year  rotation  especially  suited 
to  Michigan  conditions. 

As  the  bean  crop  is  not  planted  until  late  in  the  spring  the  prepa¬ 
ration  of  the  soil  is  often  delayed,  but  early  plowing  is  essential  to 
the  best  results.  After  plowing,  the  land  should  receive  frequent 
cultivation  for  five  or  six  weeks  to  put  it  into  the  best  possible  tilth, 
kill  weeds,  and  conserve  moisture,  especially  as  the  crop  should  not 
be  deeply  cultivated  later. 

If  beans  are  grown  on  light,  sandy  soils  or  others  lacking  in  fer¬ 
tility,  it  will  be  well  to  top-dress  with  fine  or  well-rotted  manure, 
after  plowing,  at  the  rate  of  6  to  8  loads  per  acre,  or  even  more  than 
this  if  a  manure  spreader  is  not  used.  This  may  be  supplemented 
by  commercial  fertilizers,  supplying  from  15  to  20  pounds  of  muriate 
of  potash  and  20  to  30  pounds  of  phosphoric  acid  per  acre,  mixed  with 
the  manure  as  it  is  scattered.  Tests  of  fertilizers  made  by  New 
York  farmers  gave  exceedingly  variable  results  and  indicated  that 
there  was  danger  that  the  stand  might  be  injured  by  fertilizers. 
This  was  especially  true  of  potash,  and  in  dry  seasons  sufficient  mois¬ 
ture  should  be  present  to  dissolve  the  plant  food  if  benefit  rather 
than  injury  is  to  result. 

As  beans  are  legumes,  the  best  results  can  be  obtained  from  them 
only  when  nodule-producing  organisms  are  present  in  the  soil  or  are 
introduced  by  the  application  of  soil  from  fields  that  have  already 

425 


EXPERIMENT  STATION  WORK,  LX. 


7 


grown  successful  bean  crops.  Inoculation  with  pure  cultures  has 
given  variable  results.  In  a  Virginia  experiment  the  results  failed 
to  indicate  a  marked  benefit  from  such  inoculation. 

Early  planting  of  beans  is  likely  to  result  in  the  rotting  of  the  seed 
as  they  are  placed  in  cold  or  wet  soil.  Even  if  germination  should 
be  successful  and  the  stand  good,  it  is  likely  to  be  uneven,  and  the 
stronger  plants  will  ripen  earlier  and  render  successful  harvesting 
more  difficult.  In  New  York  the  Kidney  and  Black  Turtle  Soup 
varieties  should  be  planted  during  the  last  two  weeks  of  May,  the  Pea 
and  Medium  varieties  from  June  5  to  20,  and  the  Marrows  and  Yellow 
Eyes  intermediate  to  these  two  groups.  In  Michigan,  the  time  of 
planting  ranges  from  June  1  to  25.  In  general,  the  Kidney  and  Turtle 
Soup  and  other  larger  varieties  should  be  planted  earlier  than  the 
Pea  varieties. 

Only  the  best  hand-picked  beans  should  be  used  for  planting,  as 
a  strong  and  even  germination  is  essential  to  the  success  of  the  crop. 
The  vitality  of  the  seed  may  well  be  tested  by  the  use  of  the  ordinary 
germination  test.a  It  is  better  to  plant  about  4  inches  apart  in  drills 
than  in  hills  or  checks.  The  smaller  varieties  may  be  successfully 
planted  in  ordinary  grain  drills  of  which  part  of  the  spouts  have  been 
removed  or  stopped,  but  in  planting  the  larger  varieties  a  special 
bean  drill  should  be  used,  unless  one  of  the  grain  drills  with  proper 
attachment  for  handling  these  larger  seeds  is  available.  In  any 
case  shallow  planting  will  give  the  best  results,  and  evenness  of  ger¬ 
mination  will  be  more  likely  to  result  if  the  drill  wheel  presses  the 
soil  closely  about  the  seed.  The  rate  of  seeding  varies  from  one-half 
or  three-fourths  bushel  for  the  smaller  varieties  to  1  or  1}A  bushels 
per  acre  for  the  larger  varieties,  such  as  the  Bed  Kidney  bean. 

Much  of  the  work  of  cultivation  has  already  been  accomplished 
if  the  seed  bed  has  been  thoroughly  prepared.  Under  proper  soil 
conditions  the  seed  comes  up  very  quickly  and  cultivation  may  begin 
early,  but  the  young  plants  are  tender  and  break  so  easily  that  they 
must  be  carefully  worked.  One  and  2  row  wheel  cultivators  are 
largely  used  as  well  as  the  implements  of  other  designs.  The  bean 
requires  the  culture  usually  given  to  other  intertilled  crops.  A  crust 
should  not  be  allowed  to  form,  but  later  cultivation  should  not  be 
deep,  especially  during  drought,  because  the  rootlets  of  the  plant 
grow  near  the  surface.  The  plants  should  not  be  worked  while  wet 
with  dew  or  rain,  because  of  the  danger  of  spreading  the  anthracnose 
disease.* * 6 

a  Directions  for  making  suck  a  test  with  corn  may  be  found  in  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr., 

Farmers’  Bui.  229,  p.  19. 

&  For  further  information  on  bean  anthracnose  see  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Farmers’  Bui. 
388,  p.  21. 

425 


8 


EXPERIMENT  STATION  WORK,  LX. 


The  work  of  harvesting  the  bean  crop  has  been  much  lightened 
by  the  2-wheeled  implement  shown  in  figure  1.  The  long  steel 
blades  should  be  so  adjusted  as  to  remain  from  1 J  to  2  inches  beneath 
the  soil  surface  throughout  their  length.  Two  rows  are  thus  cut  at 
the  same  time  and  thrown  into  a  single  windrow.  After  drying  a 
day  these  rows  may  be  moved  by  forks  in  such  a  way  as  to  combine 
three  of  them  and  leave  space  for  the  wagons  into  which  they  are  to 
be  loaded  to  pass  through.  With  suitable  weather  conditions  the 
crop  may  be  hauled  to  the  barn  without  further  turning,  but  if  wet 
weather  follows  the  crop  will  not  be  seriously  injured  if  turned  often 
enough  to  prevent  any  pods  from  resting  on  the  wet  ground  long 


Fig.  1.— Modern  bean  harvester. 

enough  at  a  time  to  swell  and  burst.  The  side-delivery  rake  is 
sometimes  used,  but  on  any  but  light  soils  it  is  likely  to  mix  so  much 
dirt  and  gravel  with  the  beans  that  they  can  not  be  separated  in 
threshing. 

Threshing  is  usually  done  by  special  machines  called  “beaners/’ 
which  go  from  farm  to  farm  for  hire  as  do  ordinary  grain  threshers. 
These  beaners  sometimes  split  so  many  beans  that  the  old-fashioned 
flail  is  regarded  more  economical  in  spite  of  its  slowness. 

The  crop  is  usually  taken  to  the  bean  houses  or  elevators  as  soon 
as  threshed  for  cleaning,  grading,  and  picking.  A  sample  is  weighed, 
picked,  and  weighed  again  to  determine  the  loss  by  picking,  and  set¬ 
tlement  made  on  the  basis  of  the  estimated  amount  of  picked  beans 

425 


EXPERIMENT  STATION  WORK,  LX. 


9 


which  the  farmer  delivers.  The  beans  are  graded  according  to  size 
and  hand  picked  by  women  and  girls  as  they  pass  through  special 
machines  which  remove  much  of  the  refuse  and  carry  the  beans 
before  the  operator  on  a  movable  canvas  apron  from  which  the  gravel 
and  damaged  beans  may  easily  be  removed.  The  culls  may  be  used 
as  food  for  sheep,  cattle,  swine,®  and  other  animals. 

DIGESTION  EXPERIMENTS  WITH  RANGE  FORAGE  CROPS.6 

In  a  previous  number  of  this  series  c  experiments  are  reported  on 
the  nutritive  value  of  native  hays  in  the  arid  regions.  In  those 
experiments  the  dried  fodder  was  used  which,  in  most  cases,  consisted 
of  a  mixture  of  different  species.  The  Nevada  Station  recently  com¬ 
pleted  some  digestion  experiments  with  sheep,  in  which  different  species 
of  forage  plants  of  the  range  were  gathered  and  fed  separately  in  the 
green  state.  Many  of  these  succulent  plants  and  shrubs,  especially  the 
flowers,  are  preferred  by  the  sheep  to  the  grasses.  Before  advocating  any 
method  for  restoring  the  depleted  sheep  ranges,  both  the  palatability 
and  nutritive  value  of  each  species  should  be  known  in  order  to  obtain 
the  optimum  return  in  the  production  of  wool  and  mutton.  Many 
forage  plants  are  known  to  be  well  liked  by  the  sheep,  though  no 
accurate  data  regarding  their  nutritive  value  have  hitherto  been 
undertaken.  There  are  other  plants  which  the  sheep  eat  that  are  not 
particularly  palatable  to  them,  but  at  the  same  time  they'  may  be 
more  highly  nutritious  than  those  which  the  sheep  eat  with  avidity- 
It  was  with  the  object  of  determining  both  the  palatability  and 
nutritive  value  that  the  investigations  at  the  Nevada  Station  were 
undertaken  with  a  few  of  the  more  important  forage  plants  on  the 
ranges  in  the  vicinity  of  Reno.  In  order  to  carry  on  the  experiments 
under  as  nearly  natural  conditions  as  possible,  the  plants  were  gathered 
fresh  and  fed  directly  on  the  range. 

INDIAN  POTATO  (Atsenio  gairdneri). 

The  Indian  potato  is  one  of  the  most  abundant  and  best  liked  forage 
plants  on  the  range.  Although  belonging  to  the  parsnip  family  it 
does  not  have  any  objectionable  features  like  its  relation,  the  poison¬ 
ous  wild  parsnip.  Its  tuberous  root  has  been  an  important  article  of 
food  for  the  Indian  tribes,  as  it  contains  much  starch  and  has  a  sweet 
and  pleasant  taste. 

a  See  article  on  cull  beans  for  hogs,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Farmers’  Bui.  305,  p.  25. 

5 Compiled  from  Nevada  Sta.  Bui.  71. 

CU.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Farmers’  Bui.  374,  p.  344. 

•  61857°— Bull.  425—10 - 2 


10 


EXPERIMENT  STATION  WORK,  LX. 


SUNFLOWER  (  Wgethia  mollis). 

This  sunflower  is  relied  upon  for  a  considerable  portion  of  the  feed 
on  the  ranges.  During  the  average  season  each  plant  produces  from 
15  to  20  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  The  sheep  are  so  fond  of  the  flowers 
that  until  they  are  all  eaten  off  they  pay  little  or  no  attention  to  the 
leaves.  On  account  of  the  dense,  woolly  character  of  the  leaves  the 
sheep  usually  avoid  the  older  ones  and  eat  out  the  younger  ones  from 
the  center  of  the  clump.  Its  strong  roots  make  it  a  valuable  plant,  as 
the  ranges  are  severely  grazed.  From  a  forage  standpoint  it  is  not 
relished  by  stock  like  the  balsam  root  sunflower.  Unfortunately, 
in  this  experiment  the  flowers  were  not  included,  as  the  buds  were 
destroyed  by  a  heavy  frost. 

BALSAM  ROOT  OR,  BIG  SUNFLOWER  (Bahamorrhiza  sagittata). 

The  big  sunflower  is  a  more  valuable  forage  plant  than  the  common 
sunflower,  as  it  is  liked  by  stock  not  only  in  its  green  state  but  in  the 
late  fall  when  the  leaves  have  dried.  Cattle,  sheep,  and  horses  will  eat 
it  with  considerable  relish.  The  strong  perennial  character  of  its 
roots  also  prevent  it  from  being  easily  tramped  out.  The  flowers  are 
eaten  with  the  same  avidity  as  the  common  sunflower,  from  which  it 
can  be  distinguished  by  the  long  flower  stems  which  generally  exceed 
the  length  of  the  leaves,  and  by  the  ear-like  lobes  at  the  base  of  the 
leaves.  The  flowers  in  this  experiment  were  not  included  as  they  were 
frozen. 

WILD  CARROT  ( Leptotxnia  multifield). 

The  wild  carrot  belongs  to  the  parsnip  family  and  has  a  long  conical 
root.  The  finely  divided  leaves  are  produced  in  abundance  at  the 
base,  while  the  yellowish-brown  flowers  are  borne  on  stout  stems  about 
2  feet  high.  Although  it  has  a  peculiar  odor  the  sheep  seem  to  be  ver}r 
fond  of  the  plant,  which  occurs  over  a  very  wide  area  of  the  State  and 
may  be  considered  one  of  the  chief  forage  plants  for  sheep  on  the 
ranges.  The  plant  as  fed  included  the  flowers,  stems,  leaves,  and 
partly  ripened  seeds.  It  has  been  suggested  by  some  sheepmen  that 
the  roots  of  this  plant  may  be  poisonous.  No  experiments  have  been 
made  to  determine  this  point. 

MOUNTAIN  INDIAN  PINK  OR  PAINTED  CUP  (Castilleia  miniata  var.). 

The  Indian  pink  is  important  as  a  forage  plant  because  of  its  abun¬ 
dance.  The  plants  are  always  eaten  down  to  the  ground,  but  on 
account  of  the  strong  underground  rootstocks  they  are  able  to  with¬ 
stand  considerable  tramping.  The  particular  species  fed  grows  in 
clumps  of  4  or  5  feet  in  extent,  and  it  is  best  when  partly  shaded  by 
tall  shrubs.  It  was  fed  when  in  full  flower. 

425 


EXPERIMENT  STATION  WORK,  LX. 
WESTERN  BROME  GRASS  (. Bromusmarginatus ). 


This  is  one  of  the  best  range  grasses  of  the  West,  extending  to  Mon¬ 
tana  and  Wyoming.  It  has  been  favorably  mentioned  by  nearly  all 
of  the  western  experiment  stations,  but  as  yet  the  seed  is  not  sold  on 
the  market.  It  was  found  in  feeding  this  plant  that  at  first  the  sheep 
appeared  to  be  looking  for  a  succulent  plant  like  most  of  the  others,  but 
when  they  once  started  to  eat  it  a  comparatively  small  amount  of  the 
grass  seemed  to  satisfy  them. 

NATIVE  BLUE  GRASS  ( Poa  sandbergii). 

This  grass  is  one  of  those  commonly  included  under  the  term 
1  1  bunch  grass,”  which  term  includes  most  of  the  blue  grasses  as  well  as 
a  number  of  the  needle  grasses  and  fescues.  This  particular  species 
was  growing  thickly  in  gravelly  soil,  on  steep  hillsides  in  open  spaces, 
and  was  considerably  past  the  flowering  stage  when  fed.  Conse¬ 
quently  it  might  be  considered  more  as  hay  than  as  green  fodder.  A 
comparatively  small  amount  of  the  grass  at  this  stage  of  its  growth 
seemed  to  satisfy  the  sheep. 

WILD  DANDELION  ( Crepis  intermedia). 

This  is  one  of  the  several  kinds  of  wild  dandelions  found  on  the 
range  of  which  the  sheep  appear  to  be  fond,  although  they  contain  a 
bitter  principle.  The  view  is  advanced  that  the  sheep  may  eat  the 
dandelion  as  a  tonic  to  enable  them  to  better  assimilate  some  of  the 
other  plants.  Although  the  sheep  ate  this  plant  well,  yet  the  results 
of  the  experiments  indicate  that  it  was  not  readily  digested.  A  large 
amount  of  this  plant  would  be  necessary  to  maintain  the  animal  in 
good  condition. 

BITTER  BFvUSH  ( Kunzia  tridentata) . 

This  common  shrub  of  the  foothills  is  sometimes  included  with 
other  shrubs  under  the  term  ‘ k  buck  brush.”  The  leaves  are  persistent 
throughout  the  winter,  which  makes  it  a  very  valuable  winter  forage. 
Unlike  the  wild  dandelion,  its  bitter  principle  seems  to  prevent  its 
being  eaten  readily  during  the  summer.  Although  the  new  and  more 
tender  parts  of  the  shrub  were  selected  for  the  feeding  experiment, 
yet  it  was  with  difficulty  that  the  sheep  could  be  induced  to  eat  a 
sufficient  quantity  to  conduct  the  experiment,  which  was  accordingly 
shortened  to  4  days.  The  plant  is  eaten  readily,  in  the  late  fall  or 
winter  season. 

LITTLE  LUPINE  (Lupinus  sp.). 

An  unknown  species  of  lupine  was  fed  when  in  full  bloom  and  was 
well  liked  by  the  sheep. 

425 


12 


EXPERIMENT  STATION  WORK,  LX. 
BITTER  VETCH  ( Lathyrus  coriaceus). 


Before  the  sheep  would  touch  this  plant  they  had  to  be  partially 
starved,  and  it  seemed  to  have  a  poisonous  effect,  as  their  heads  began 
to  swell  and  they  lost  considerably  in  weight.  On  this  account  the 
experiment  was  continued  for  3  days  only.  By  feeding  the  sick  sheep 
with  native  blue  grass  they  were  soon  brought  into  good  condition. 

For  convenience  of  comparison  and  reference,  the  results  of  diges¬ 
tion  experiments  with  the  various  forage  plants  are  collected  in  the 
following  table: 


Digestible  nutrients  in  100  pounds  of  green  forage. 


Sample. 

Amount 
eaten 
per  day. 

Protein. 

Fat. 

Nitrogen- 
free  ex¬ 
tract. 

Nutritive 

ratio. 

Indian  potato . 

Pounds. 
32.  50 

Pounds. 

3.88 

Pounds. 

3.73 

Pounds. 
49.  59 

1:15 

Common  sunflower . 

52.  56 

11.50 

2.46 

38.32 

1:3.8 

Balsam  root  or  big  sunflower . 

33. 00 

12.  15 

4. 26 

37.  43 

1:3.9 

Wild  carrot . 

50.  25 

0.  88 

5.73 

50. 17 

1:9.2 

Mountain  Indian  pink . 

28.50 

6.  27 

3.47 

47. 59 

1:8.9 

Western  brome  grass . 

24.00 

5.91 

1.59 

46.36 

1:8.5 

Native  blue  grass . 

15.  00 

5.  15 

1.43 

41.35 

1:8.7 

Wild  dandelion . 

34.00 

5.  11 

1.05 

46.  35 

1:9.5 

Bitter  brush . 

8.50 

9.72 

2.25 

62.  50 

1:6.9 

Little  lupine . 

32.  50 

9.06 

1.70 

34.  61 

1  '4  91 

Bitter  vetch . 

14.75 

4.47 

1.30 

39.00 

1:9.4 

STALLION  LEGISLATION  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES.0 


In  a  previous  number  of  this  series  attention  was  called  to  the 
importance  of  giving  more  attention  to  the  selection  of  breeding 
stock,  and  a  brief  account  was  submitted  of  the  work  of  the  Depart¬ 
ment  of  Agriculture  and  the  national  aid  rendered  in  European  coun¬ 
tries  toward  improvement  in  the  horse  breeding.  It  is  the  purpose 
of  this  article  to  note  some  of  the  principal  features  of  recent  legis¬ 
lation  in  several  States  relating  to  the  registration  and  control  of 
stallions,  in  order  to  prevent  fraud  and  to  eliminate  the  unfit. 

WISCONSIN. 

Wisconsin,  under  the  influence  of  the  department  of  horse  breeding 
at  the  station  was  the  first  State  to  pass  a  stallion  law.  Under  this 
law,  which  went  into  effect  January  1,  1906,  and  since  amended, 
all  stallions  with  contagious  or  hereditary  diseases  are  excluded 
from  service.  The  first  step  toward  the  improvement  of  horse 
breeding  is  the  elimination  of  unsoundness.  This  Wisconsin  has 
accomplished  by  not  enacting  an  extreme  measure  at  the  start.  Dis¬ 
cussing  this  law,  Dr.  A.  S.  Alexander,  of  the  Wisconsin  Station,  says: 

°  Compiled  from  Wisconsin  Sta.  Buis.  141,  155,  169,  186,  188;  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr., 
Bur.  Anim.  Indus.  Rpt.  1908,  p.  335. 


EXPERIMENT  STATION  WORK,  LX. 


13 


Too  stringent  measures  can  not  safely  be  thrust  upon  the  people  without  clue  warning, 
preparation,  and  education;  hence  the  recently  enacted  stallion  law  started  by  giving 
owners  the  privilege  of  either  making  affidavit  to  the  soundness  of  their  horses  or 
employing  a  graduate  veterinarian  to  make  a  critical  examination  and  sign  a  certificate 
of  soundness.  It  was  not  thought  that  this  plan  would  prove  perfect,  but  it  was 
expected  that  at  least  it  would  draw  attention  to  important  matters  pertaining  to  the 
soundness  of  breeding  animals,  sift  out  some  of  the  unsound  sires,  teach  the  equal  need 
of  using  sound  brood  mares  and,  in  time,  lead  to  more  stringent  and  effectual  methods 
of  examination  and  rejection  of  unsound  stallions.  That  the  law  has  had  these  effects 
there  can  be  no  question,  for  we  have  abundant  evidence  that  it  already  has  retired 
upwards  of  100  unsound  or  unsuitable  stallions  from  public  service,  led  men  to  inquire 
as  to  what  diseases  constitute  hereditary,  transmissible,  or  communicable  unsound¬ 
ness,  and  pay  more  attention  to  the  matter  of  soundness  in  brood  mares. 

As  the  law  required  owners  of  pure-bred  stallions  to  submit  the  certificates  of  registry 
of  their  horses  for  inspection  before  license  certificates  could  be  granted,  it  has  led  to 
more  care  being  taken  in  all  matters  pertaining  to  the  recording  of  pedigrees,  the  char¬ 
acter  of  pedigree  registry  studbook  societies,  associations,  and  companies,  the  correct¬ 
ness  of  pedigree  certificates  and  the  proof  of  identity  in  the  case  of  aged  horses  that  have 
changed  hands  many  times.  Then,  too,  it  has  caused  discussion  in  every  blacksmith 
shop,  livery  stable,  farm  barn,  and  country  assembling  place  relative  to  the  importance 
of  pedigree,  the  power  and  prepotency  of  pure  blood,  the  foolishness  of  breeding  to 
horses  of  mixed  breeding,  or  of  no  known  breeding,  the  fallacy  of  using  horses  of  poor 
individual  quality  and  character,  and  the  importance  of  knowing  exactly  what  is  the 
true  breeding  of  each  stallion  standing  for  public  service  throughout  the  State. 

The  effect  of  the  new  law  has  been  to  arouse  owners  to  due  appre¬ 
ciation  of  the  need  of  registry  certificates,  and  after  considerable 
trouble,  in  completing  their  records  and  establishing  identity  they 
have  obtained  certificates  of  registry  from  the  studbook  societies. 
The  number  of  the  certificates  issued  to  trotting  horses  is  greatly  in  ex¬ 
cess  of  those  issued  to  other  breeds,  but  the  law  has  had  a  good  effect 
in  causing  breeders  to  attend  more  strictly  and  promptly  to  all 
matters  pertaining  to  the  recording  of  their  horses. 

The  State’s  attorney-general  has  given  it  as  his  opinion  that  fees  can  not  legally  be 
collected  for  the  service  of  any  stallion  or  jack  that  is  not  licensed  and  advertised  in- 
accordance  with  the  requirements  of  this  law.  The  purpose  of  the  law  is  to  plainly 
and  correctly  inform  the  owner  of  mares  as  to  the  breeding  of  each  stallion  offered  for 
public  service.  It  further  advises  him  that  the  horse  in  question  has  been  proved 
by  sworn  statement  of  either  the  owner  or  a  legally  qualified  veterinarian  to  be  free 
from  hereditary,  contagious,  or  transmissible  unsoundness  or  disease. 

The  license  certificates  issued  under  the  provisions  of  this  law  are  of  five  kinds,  viz: 
(1)  Pure  bred:  The  stallions  and  jacks  granted  this  form  of  certificate  are  registered 
in  studbooks  recognized  by  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C.  It  is 
also  given  to  stallions  recorded  as  standard  bred  in  the  American  Trotting  Register  and 
to  those  recorded  in  the  Morgan  Horse  Register.  Only  pure-bred  stallions  can  sire 
grade  horses.  Horses  sired  by  stallions  other  than  pure  bred  qre  not  grades,  but 
mongrels  or  scrubs.  (2)  Cross  bred:  This  certificate  is  given  to  any  stallion  that  has 
a  pure-bred,  registered  sire  of  one  breed  and  a  pure-bred  registered  dam  of  a  different 
breed.  Such  stallions  are  not  registered  or  eligible  to  register  in  any  studbook  recog¬ 
nized  by  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C.  A  cross-bred  stallion 
can  not  be  depended  upon  to  transmit  with  certainty  the  characteristics  or  qualities 
of  either  of  his  parents.  Only  seven  “cross-bred  ”  licenses  have  thus  far  been  issued. 

425 


14 


EXPERIMENT  STATION  WORK,  LX. 


(3)  Nonstandard  bred:  This  certificate  is  given  to  stallions  recorded  as  nonstandard 
bred  in  the  American  Trotting  Register,  and  such  horses  are  not  pure  bred  and  are  not 
eligible  to  registry  as  standard  bred.  Only  14  certificates  of  this  kind  have  been 
issued.  (4)  Grade:  This  certificate  is  now  given  to  stallions  proved  to  be  by  pure-bred 
sires  or  out  of  pure-bred  dams.  Under  the  provision  of  the  original  law  stallions 
neither  of  whose  parents  were  pure  bred  were  licensed  as  “grades.”  Under  the 
amended  law,  approved  June  9,  1909,  and  now  in  force,  stallions  whose  sires  or  dams 
can  not  be  shown  to  have  been  pure  bred  will  not  be  licensed  as  “grades”  or  granted 
renewal  of  licenses  as  “grades.  ”  Under  the  head  of  “grade”  also  are  licensed  jacks 
not  registered  or  eligible  to  registry  in  jack  registry  books  recognized  by  the  Depart¬ 
ment  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C.  These  animals,  however,  strictly  speaking, 
-can  not  be  regarded  as  “grades”  although  unregistered.  Grade  stallions  can  not  sire 
grade  colts  unless  they  happen  to  be  bred  to  pure-bred  mares,  and  that  seldom,  if  ever, 
happens.  Even  where  they  are  maJed  with  pure-bred  mares  the  progeny  in  reality 
are  not  “grades”  but  mongrels,  for  such  breeding  is  “degrading”  rather  than  “grading 
up.”  The  progeny  by  grade  stallions  from  mares  other  than  pure  bred  are  mongrels 
and  scrubs.  Any  colt  by  a  grade  stallion  retained  for  breeding  purposes  will  have 
to  be  licensed  as  mongrel  or  scrub.  (5)  Mongrel  or  scrub:  The  amended  stallion  law 
approved  June  9,  1909,  provides  this  new  license  certificate  for  stallions  neither  of 
whose  parents  were  pure  bred.  It  will  also  be  given  to  any  stallion  hitherto  licensed 
as  a  “grade”  if,  when  applying  for  a  renewal  of  license,  the  owner  can  not  prove 
purity  of  breeding  for  either  the  sire  or  the  dam  of  his  horse. 

The  following  statements  regarding  stallion  legislation  in  various 
States  are  taken  mainly  from  Doctor  Alexander’s  reviews  in  bulletins 
of  the  Wisconsin  Station.0 


IOWA. 

Iowa  followed  the  lead  of  Wisconsin  by  enacting,  April  10,  1906, 
a  law  regulating  the  registration  and  publication  of  pedigrees. 

The  original  law  was  repealed  March  30,  1907,  and  a  new  law  substituted  which 
provides  that  any  owner  or  keeper  of  any  stallion  kept  for  public  service,  exchange, 
or  transfer,  who  represents  such  stallion  to  be  pure  bred  shall  cause  the  same  to  be 
registered  in  a  studbook  recognized  by  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  Washington, 
D.  C.,  forward  the  same  to  the  secretary  of  the  Iowa  State  Board  of  Agriculture, 
who  shall  verify  the  registry  certificate,  enroll  it  upon  his  books,  and  issue- a  certifi¬ 
cate  giving  a  description,  etc.,  of  the  stallion  and  the  volume  and  page  of  the  stud¬ 
book  in  which  he  is  registered.  *  *  *  The  Iowa  stallion  law  does  not  require 
a  stallion  license  fee  from  the  owner  of  a  scrub  or  grade  stallion,  does  not  include 
jacks,  and  does  not  require  either  the  owner’s  affidavit  or  a  veterinarian’s  certificate 
relative  to  the  soundness  of  the  stallion.  According  to  assessors’  reports  there  are 
6,079  stallions  in  Iowa.  To  date  licenses  have  been  issued  to  3,741  pure-bred  stallions. 

MINNESOTA. 

A  law  for  the  regulation  of  the  public  service  of  stallions  in  Minnesota  was  enacted 
by  the  legislature  of  that  State  and  approved  April  25,  1907.  Under  its  provisions 
589  pure-bred  stallions  and  889  grade  stallions  have  been  licensed  from  June  1  to 
October  10,  and  the  papers  of  about  100  stallions  were  at  the  latter  date  under  con¬ 
sideration.  The  Minnesota  law  [passed  1907]  creates  a  stallion  registration  board, 

°A  similar  summary  will  be  found  in  the  report  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry 
of  this  Department  for  190S. 


425 


15 


EXPERIMENT  STATION  WORK,  LX. 

the  officers  of  which  shall  be  ex  officio  the  professor  of  animal  husbandry  of  the  Min¬ 
nesota  College  of  Agriculture,  who  shall  be  ex  officio  secretary  and  executive  officer 
of  the  board,  the  veterinarian  of  the  state  expeirment  station,  and  the  president  of 
the  Minnesota  Horse  Breeders’  Association.  All  owners  of  stallions  used  for  public 
service  in  the  State  must  obtain  licenses  from  this  board,  the  enrollment  and  veri¬ 
fication  of  pedigrees  to  be  done  in  the  division  of  animal  husbandry  of  the  College 
of  Agriculture  of  the  University  of  Minnesota.  All  licenses  must  be  recorded  with 
the  register  of  deeds  of  the  co'unty  or  counties  in  which  the  stallion  is  used  for  pub¬ 
lic  service.  *  *  *  The  presence  of  any  one  or  more  of  the  following-named 
diseases  shall  disqualify  a  stallion  from  public  service,  and  are  hereby  defined  as 
infectious,  contagious,  or  transmissible  disease  or  unsoundness  for  the  purposes 
of  this  act:  Cataract,  amaurosis,  laryngeal  hemiplegia  (roaring  or  whistling),  chorea 
(St,  Vitus’s  dance,  erampiness,  shivering,  stringhalt),  bone  spavin,  ringbone,  side- 
bone,  glanders,  farcy,  maladie  du  eo'it,  urethral  gleet,  mange,  melanosis  and  curb 
when  accompanied  by  curby-formed  hock. 

COLORADO,  NEBRASKA,  AND  PENNSYLVANIA. 

In  Colorado  and  Nebraska  stallion  laws  are  now  in  force  similar 
to  the  Iowa  law.  The  stallion  law  of  Pennsylvania,  which  became 
effective  January,  190S,  is  similar  to  the  Wisconsin  law  and  places 
the  work  of  stallion  enrollment  in  the  hands  of  the  state  live  stock 
sanitary  hoard. 

The  board  is  authorized  to  establish  needful  regulations,  and  to  provide  for  official 
examination  upon  voluntary  requests  from  owners  of  stallions,  and  to  issue  certifi¬ 
cates  of  approval  for  stallions  that  are  approved  in  respect  to  purity  of  breeding, 
soundness,  conformation,  breed  type,  and  their  suitability  to  improve  the  horse 
stock  of  the  State. 

UTAH. 

A  similar  law  to  that  in  force  in  Wisconsin  was  approved  March  23,  1907,  by  the 
governor  of  Utah  and  went  into  effect  May  13, 1907.  It  creates  a  state  board  of  horse 
commissioners,  consisting  of  the  veterinarian  and  animal  husbandman  of  the  Agri¬ 
cultural  College  of  Utah,  who  shall  pass  upon  all  documents  pertaining  to  stallion 
registration,  examine  as  to  the  merits  of  pedigrees,  record  and  issue  certificates  for  pure¬ 
bred  or  grade  publie-sercice  stallions  in  form  practically  the  same  as  that  of  the  like 
certificates  used  in  Wisconsin.  *  *  *  A  special  feature  of  the  Utah  law  is  that 
license  certificates  for  grade  stallions  will  be  good  only  until  January  1,  1909,  nothing 
being  said  a3  to  reissuing  such  licenses,  which  we  presume  may  be  taken  to  mean 
that  grades,  after  the  date  mentioned,  will  not  be  granted  licenses  by  the  Utah  board. 
The  law  also  provides  that  every  person  complying  with  the  provisions  of  the  act 
shall  have  a  lien  on  the  mare  and  a  first  lien  upon  the  offspring  of  such  service  to 
the  amount  of  the  agreed  service  fee,  for  the  period  of  eighteen  months  after  service, 
and  it  shall  not  be  necessary  in  order  to  secure  and  fix  said  lien  to  secure,  file,  or 
register  any  contract  or  statement  thereof  with  any  officer,  nor  shall  it  be  necessary 
that  the  owner  of  such  mare  or  foal  execute  any  contract  whatever;  the  said  lien 
may  be  foreclosed  in  the  same  manner  that  a  mortgage  upon  .personal  property  is 
foreclosed . 


425 


16 


EXPERIMENT  STATION  WORK,  LX. 


NEW  JERSEY. 

The  New  Jersey  legislature  of  1907-8  passed  a  stallion  law  based 
upon  that  of  Wisconsin,  but  having  the  following  important  differ¬ 
ences,  which  are  pointed  out  by  Doctor  Alexander: 

The  work  of  stallion  enrollment  is  to  be  done  by  a  stallion  registration  board,  con¬ 
sisting  of  the  animal  husbandman  of  the  state  experiment  station,  who  shall  be 
secretary  and  executive  officer,  a  graduate  veterinarian,  and  a  prominent  breeder 
of  live  stock.  “It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  board  to  examine  personally  each  stallion 
or  jack  and  determine  to  the  best  of  their  knov/ledge  and  belief  whether  said  stal¬ 
lion  or  jack  is  free  from  infectious,  contagious,  or  transmissible  diseases  or  unsound¬ 
ness,  and  their  findings  shall  be  final.”  The  board  is  authorized  in  case  of  emergency 
to  name  a  committee  in  each  county,  consisting  of  a  graduate  veterinarian  and  a 
practical  horseman  who  shall  examine  the  various  stallions  or  jacks  in  the  said  county 
as  to  soundness.  The  fee  for  enrollment  i3  $5,  and  $2  shall  be  paid  annually  for 
the  renewal  of  pedigree  certificate  and  service  license.  Stallions  shall  be  examined 
every  year  until  10  years  of  age,  and  after  the  first  examination  shall  be  exempt 
if  10  years  of  age  or  over.  The  act  went  into  effect  September  1,  1908. 

The  legislature  of  New  Jersey  also  enacted  in  1908  a  unique  and  important  bill 
which  now  is  in  force  and  provides  for  the  appointment  of  a  live-stock  commission 
by  the  governor,  consisting  of  the  director  of  the  state  experiment  station  and  the 
master  of  the  state  grange,  ex-officio,  the  animal  husbandman  of  the  state  experiment 
station,  wffio  shall  be  secretary  and  executive1  officer  of  the  commission,  a  graduate 
veterinarian,  and  a  prominent  breeder  of  live  stock.  “It  shall  be  the  duty  of  this 
commission,  first,  to  purchase  and  maintain  stallions  of  draft  and  coach  type  for 
distribution  and  use  in  the  several  counties  of  the  State  wherever  breeders’  asso¬ 
ciations  have  been  duly  organized  and  which  provide  dams  for  breeding,  which 
shall  conform  to  the  standards  and  rules  established  by  the  commission;  second, 
to  aid  in  the  selection  and  distribution  of  breeding  sires  and  dams  of  other  classes 
of  live  stock;  and  third,  to  constitute  a  stallion  examining  board.”  The  sum  of 
$20,000  is  appropriated  to  the  commission  for  the  current  year,  and  thereafter  $5,000 
annually  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  out  the  provisions  of  the  act. 

After  visiting  many  horse-breeding  centers  in  Europe  the  commis¬ 
sion  purchased  8  Percherons,  3  Clydesdales,  1  hackney,  and  1  heavy 
harness  horse  to  be  loaned  to  farmers’  and  breeders’  associations. 

ILLINOIS. 

The  Illinois  law  enacted  last  winter  and  to  take  effect  January  1,  1910,  requires 
each  stallion  owner  to  obtain  a  license  certificate  from  the  stallion  registration  board 
composed  of  five  members,  consisting  of  the  secretary  of  the  Illinois  state  board 
of  agriculture,  who  shall  be  ex-officio  secretary  and  executive  officer  of  the  board, 
the  state  veterinarian,  the  president  and  secretary  of  the  Illinois  Horse  Breeders’ 
Association,  and  the  president  of  the  Illinois  farmers’  institutes.  The  fee  for  a  license 
is  $2,  and  it  must  be  renewed  annually  at  a  cost  of  $1.  License  certificates  are  given 
to  “pure-bred'’  “cross-bred,”  and  “grade”  stallions.  Requirements  for  obtaining 
a  certificate  are  practically  the  same  as  in  Wisconsin,  but  the  affidavit  of  soundness 
must  be  signed  by  a  veterinarian. 

Only  the  following  diseases  are  specified  as  disqualifying  a  stallion  from  service: 
Periodic  ophthalmia  (moon  blindness),  bone  spavin,  ringbone,  bog  spavin,  curb  when 
accompanied  with  eurby  formation  of  hock,  or  any  contagious  or  infectious  disease. 
It  will  be  noted  that  the  Illinois  law  does  not  mention  the  following  diseases  as  dis- 
425 


17 


EXPERIMENT  STATION  WORK,  LX. 

qualifying  a  stallion  from  service:  Cataract,  side  bone,  whistling,  roaring,  heaves  or 
broken  wind,  chorea,  shivering,  crampiness  or  string-halt,  or  navicular  diseases.  In 
emergency  cases  the  owner  may  temporarily  make  affidavit  to  the  soundness  of  his 
horse  until  convenient  to  have  the  animal  examined  by  a  veterinarian. 

KANSAS. 

In  Kansas  the  new  law  will  be  enforced  by  the  state  live  stock  registry  board,  con¬ 
sisting  of  the  dean,  veterinarian,  and  animal  husbandman  of  the  Kansas  State  Agri¬ 
cultural  College.  “ Pure-bred,”  “ cross-bred,”  and  “grade”  stallions  will  be  licensed. 
The  fee  for  a  license  is  $2.  Veterinarians  only  can  certify  to  soundness  of  stallions. 
Copies  of  the  license  certificates  must  be  posted.  The  diseases  disqualifying  a  stallion 
from  service  are  not  specified  in  the  law. 

MONTANA. 

The  Montana  law  enacted  in  1909  and  now  in  force  provides  for  a  stallion  registration 
board  composed  of  the  president  of  the  Montana  Horse  Breeders’  Association,  the  state 
veterinarian,  and  the  professor  of  animal  husbandry  of  the  experiment  station. 
License  certificates  are  issued  to  “pure-bred,”  “cross-bred,”  and  “grade”  stallions. 
Veterinary  inspection  is  required,  but  owners’  affidavits  of  soundness  will  be  tempo¬ 
rarily  accepted  until  the  animal  can  be  examined  by  a  veterinarian.  The  list  of 
diseases  specified  as  infectious,  contagious,  or  transmissible  is  copied  after  that  of  the 
Wisconsin  law,  but  omits  moon  blindness,  heaves,  and  navicular  diseases. 

A  new  feature  of  such  legislation  is  that  every  person,  firm,  or  company  importing 
any  stallion  or  jack  into  the  State  of  Montana,  for  breeding  purposes,  shall  first  secure 
a  certificate  from  a  recognized  state  or  federal  veterinary  officer,  certifying  that  the 
animal  is  free  from  any  or  all  diseases  or  unsoundness  referred  to  in  the  stallion  law. 
The  certificate  must  be  forwarded  to  the  stallion  registration  board  at  least  ten  days 
before  the  importation  of  the  animal  into  the  State. 

NORTH  DAKOTA. 

The  North  Dakota  law  will  take  effect  January  1,  1910,  and  its  enforcement  will  be 
in  charge  of  a  registration  board  composed  of  the  professor  of  animal  husbandry  of  the 
state  agricultural  college,  who  shall  be  secretary  and  executive  officer;  the  professor 
of  veterinary  science  of  the  state  agricultural  college;  the  commissioner  of  agricul¬ 
ture  and  labor;  the  president  of  the  live  stock  sanitary  board;  and  the  president  of 
the  North  Dakota  Live  Stock  Association.  Veterinary  examination  is  required  and 
the  list  of  diseases  from  the  Wisconsin  law  has  been  adopted  with  the  exception  that 
ringbone,  bog  spavin,  and  navicular  disease  have  been  omitted.  Temporary  licenses 
may  be  granted  on  the  owner’s  affidavit  of  soundness.  The  license  fee  is  $2  and  the 
annual  renewal  fee  is  $1.  The  fee  for  veterinary  examination  is  $5.  Stallions  shall 
be  examined  every  three  years  until  10  years  old  Compliance  with  the  requirements 
of  this  law  carries  with  it  a  lien  on  the  colts  of  the  licensed  stallions  for  service  fees. 

SOUTH  DAKOTA. 

The  South  Dakota  law  is  practically  the  same  as  that  of  North 
•  Dakota. 

OREGON. 

The  Oregon  law  is  modeled  after  the  Wisconsin  law,  except  the 
stallion  owner  is  not  required  to  procure  a  license  certificate  for  each 
stallion  or  jack  unless  he  so  desires. 

425 


18 


EXPERIMENT  STATION  WORK,  LX. 

IDAHO. 


The  Idaho  law,  which  became  effective  March  15,  1909,  has  some  of  the  features  of 
several  stallion  laws  of  other  States.  Any  person,  firm,  or  company  offering  a  stallion 
or  jack  for  sale  must  procure  a  license  certificate  in  the  same  manner  as  if  the  animal 
were  to  be  used  for  public  service.  The  veterinary  examination  is  made  by  the  state 
veterinarian  or  one  of  his  assistants,  and  his  report  is  sent  to  the  live  stock  sanitary 
board.  This  report  shall  contain  a  full  description  of  the  animal  examined,  and  shall 
be  made  in  triplicate,  one  copy  being  sent  to  the  state  live  stock  sanitary  board,  one 
furnished  to  the  owner,  and  the  other  retained  in  the  book. 

EFFECT  OF  STALLION  LEGISLATION. 

Reviewing  the  progress  and  effect  of  stallion  legislation  in  the 
United  States,  R.  A.  Cave,  of  the  Bureau  of  Animal  Industry  of  this 
Department,  says : 

That  the  state  stallion  laws  mark  a  distinct  step  in  advance  in  our  horse-breeding 
industry  is  hardly  to  be  questioned.  One  of  the  first  results  of  the  operation  of  these 
laws  was  to  provide  data  which  show  the  actual  facts  with  regard  to  the  stallions  being 
used  for  breeding  purposes. 

Other  important  beneficial  results  to  which  Mr.  Cave  calls  attention 
are  the  rapid  elimination  of  unfit  animals  and  greater  care  with  regard 
to  breeding  and  registration. 

SUBSTITUTES  FOR  OATS  IF  RATIONS  FOR  HORSES.® 

The  substitution  of  cheaper  feeds  for  oats  for  work  horses  has  been 
studied  at  the  Ohio  and  Michigan  stations,  and  the  results  have  been 
noted  in  previous  bulletins  of  this  series.6 

W.  J.  Kennedy,  E.  T.  Robbins,  and  II.  II.  Kildee,  of  the  Iowa 
Station,  report  the  results  of  some  experiments  along  the  same  line. 
The  feeds  used  were  corn,  oil  meal,  cotton-seed  meal,  and  gluten  feed. 

The  first  experiment  covered  one  hundred  days  in  the  summer  of 
1907.  Three  teams  of  horses  were  included.  One  horse  of  each  team 
had  a  ration  of  corn  and  oats  in  equal  parts  and  his  mate  had  a  ration 
of  corn  and  oil  meal  in  the  proportion  of  15  to  1  by  weight  and  with 
practically  the  same  nutritive  ratio  as  the  corn  and  oats  ration.  The 
hay  used  was  for  the  most  part  timothy,  occasionally  having  as  much 
as  25  per  cent  clover. 

The  horses  were  used  for  teaming  and  field  work  practically  similar 
to  ordinary  farm  conditions.  After  five  weeks  the  amount  of  protein 
in  the  ration  was  increased.  In  the  case  of  the  corn  and  oil  meal  the 
proportion  was  then  10  parts  corn  to  1  part  oil  meal.  This  proved 
too  laxative,  so  some  oats  were  added,  and  the  ration  for  the  balance 
of  the  period  was  corn  12  parts,  oats  4  parts,  and  oil  meal  1  part 
by  weight.  The  results  with  the  last  combination  were  excellent  and 

a  Compiled  from  Iowa  Sta.  Bui.  109. 

HI.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Farmers’  Bills.  374,  p.  16;  384,  p.  11. 

425 


EXPERIMENT  STATION  WORK,  LX. 


19 


in  general  indicated  that  corn  and  oil  meal  maintained  weight  as  well 

o  o 

as  corn  and  oats. 

The  second  experiment  was  a  comparison  of  oil  meal  and  gluten 
feed  and  continued  ninety-one  days.  Corn  and  gluten  feed  were  fed 
in  the  proportion  of  8  parts  to  1,  and  the  corn  and  oil  meal  15  to  1 
by  weight.  It  was  found  that  the  gluten  feed  was  not  relished  by 
the  horses  and  so  was  not  as  valuable  a  supplementary  feed  as  the  oil 
meal,  though  otherwise  satisfactory.  The  work  was  light  during  the 
second  and  third  experiments. 

The  third  experiment  was  begun  in  the  latter  part  of  the  winter  of 
1907-8,  but  was  cut  short  at  the  end  of  thirty-five  days  by  the  sale  of 
some  of  the  horses.  The  experiment  was  resumed  May  11,  1908,  and 
continued  one  hundred  and  fifty-four  days.  In  this  experiment  cot¬ 
ton-seed  meal  was  compared  with  oil  meal  as  a  supplement  to  oats 
and  corn.  The  oats  and  corn  were  ground.  Every  100  pounds  of 
grain  fed  contained  79  pounds  of  corn,  15  pounds  of  oats,  and  6  pounds 
of  cotton-seed  meal  for  one  lot,  and  for  the  other  77  pounds  of  corn, 
15  pounds  of  oats,  and  8  pounds  of  oil  meal.  During  the  latter  half 
of  the  time  the  proportion  of  oats  was  increased  about  one-third. 

The  more  important  parts  brought  out  in  these  experiments  were: 

1.  The  health,  spirit,  and  endurance  of  work  horses  were  the  same  when  fed  corn 
with  a  moderate  amount  oi  oil  meal,  or  gluten  feed,  or  cotton-seed  meal  as  when  fed 
a  corn  and  oats  ration  supplying  a  similar  nutritive  ratio. 

2.  The  ration  of  corn  and  oil  meal  maintained  the  weight,  flesh,  and  appearance  of 
the  horses  fully  as  well  and  with  less  expense  than  the  one  of  similar  nutritive  value 
composed  of  corn  and  oats. 

3.  With  corn  at  50  cents  a  bushel,  oats  at  40  cents,  and  oil  meal  at  $32  per  ton,  the 
average  saving  in  the  daily  expense  of  feed  for  each  work  day  amounted  to  1.6  cents 
by  the  use  of  oil  meal  in  the  place  of  oats. 

4.  A  brief  trial  of  ninety-one  days  with  gluten  feed  indicated  that  while  it  was 
capable  of  giving  good  results  the  ration  containing  it  was  not  as  palatable  as  the  oil- 
meal  ration  and  cost  a  trifle  more  per  pound  when  gluten  feed  was  worth  $28  a  ton. 

5.  Cotton-seed  meal  gave  somewhat  better  results  on  the  whole  than  oil  meal.  The 
ration  containing  it  was  fully  as  palatable  and  as  efficient  in  maintaining  the  health 
and  weight  of  the  horses,  it  was  less  laxative,  and  a  little  cheaper  with  cotton-seed 
meal  at  $30  a  ton. 

6.  With  corn  at  50  cents  a  bushel  and  oats  at  40  cents,  oil  meal  had  a  value  of  fully 
$60  a  ton  for  feeding  to  work  horses,  with  cotton-seed  meal  worth  a  trifle  more  still. 
At  the  usual  prices  of  these  feeds  their  use  resulted  in  a  substantial  lowering  of  the 
cost  of  maintaining  the  horses. 

While  these  experiments  have  not  covered  a  sufficient  period  to 
warrant  positive  conclusions,  the  authors  believe  that  the  results 
have  a  considerable  value. 


425 


20 


EXPERIMENT  STATION  WORK,  LX. 


SIMPLE  QUANTITATIVE  TESTS  FOR  CASEIN. 


THE  NEW  YORK  STATE  STATION  TEST. 

All  easy  method  to  determine  the  amount  of  casein  in  milk  has 
been  worked  out  by  Van  Slyke  and  Bosworth  a  of  the  New  York 
Agricultural  Experiment  Station.  This  test  is  of  particular  value 
to  dairymen  and  cheese  makers  who  want  a  rapid,  accurate,  and 
simple  method  for  determining  casein  in  milk  without  making  a 
large  outlay  for  chemical  apparatus  and  the  necessity  of  employing 
a  skilled  assistant  to  do  the  work.  This  test  can  also  be  used  to 
advantage  in  the  dairy  schools — short  course,  etc.,  nutrition  investi¬ 
gations,  milk  composition  studies,  state  and  municipal  inspection 


V 

Fig.  2.— Apparatus  and  reagents  required  in  the  New  York  State  Station  casein  test. 


work,  and  with  milk  modification  for  infants.  The  apparatus  and 
chemical  reagents  required  (ilg.  2),  which  can  be  obtained  from  any 
good  supply  house,  are  as  follows: 

(a,  b)  Titrating  apparatuses  consisting  of  two  50  cubic  centimeter 
burettes,  graduated  in  tenths  of  a  cubic  centimeter,  two  5-pint  bottles 
and  the  necessarv  connections. 

xJ 

(c)  Two  200  cubic  centimeter  volumetric  flasks  (two  flasks  are 
required  for  each  test),  having  necks  4J  to  5  inches  long  with  an 
inside  diameter  of  three-fourths  inch,  and  the  200  cubic  centimeter 
mark  14  inch  above  the  globe-shaped  portion  of  the  flask. 


aNew  York  State  Sta.  Tech.  Bill.  10. 


EXPERIMENT  STATION  WORK,  LX.  21 

(d)  One  17.6  cubic  centimeter  pipette  delivering  17.5  cubic  centi¬ 
meters. 

(e)  One  pipette  to  deliver  100  cubic  centimeters. 

(/)  Some  funnels,  either  glass  or  enameled  iron,  3  to  4  inches  in 
diameter. 

(g)  Some  ordinary  white  teacups  holding  200  cubic  centimeters  or 
over. 

(h)  Filter  paper  or  fine  mesh  linen  cloth  cut  in  disks. 

(i)  A  1,000  cubic  centimeter  measuring  cylinder. 

(j)  Normal  solutions,  one  of  sodium  hydrate  and  one  of  acetic 
acid.  These  solutions  must  be  absolutely  accurate  and  should  be 
obtained  from  a  thoroughly  reliable  chemical  firm.  In  order  to 
prepare  these  solutions  for  use  in  the  test,  measure  out  79.5  cubic 
centimeters  of  each  in  a  separate  1,000  cubic  centimeter  cylinder  or 
flask  and  fill  each  up  to  the  1,000  cubic  centimeter  mark  with  dis¬ 
tilled  water.  The  solutions  are  then  poured  in  the  bottles  which 
come  with  the  titration  apparatus  (a)  and  ( b ) — that  is,  those  which 
are  connected  with  the  burettes.  Each  of  these  solutions  thus  pre¬ 
pared  we  term  a  standard  solution;  we  have,  then,  a  standard  acetic 
acid  solution  and  a  standard  sodium  hydroxid  solution. 

(1c)  A  solution  of  plienolphthalein  in  50  per  cent  alcohol,  made  by 
dissolving  1  gram  of  plienolphthalein  in  100  cubic  centimeters  of  50 
per  cent  alcohol. 

To  make  the  test,  measure  out  17.5  cubic  centimeters  of  milk 
with  the  17.6  cubic  centimeter  pipette  into  one  of  the  200  cubic 
centimeter  flasks,  add  about  80  cubic  centimeters  of  distilled  water 
and  1  cubic  centimeter  of  the  plienolphthalein  solution.  Then  add 
slowly  and  dropwise  from  the  burette  A  some  standard  sodium 
hydrate  solution,  shaking  vigorously  after  each  addition  until  just 
a  faint  permanent  pink  tinting  of  the  milk  is  obtained  (the  authors 
find  it  to  advantage  to  use  a  specially  prepared  color  standard  for 
comparison).  When  this  pink  color  is  obtained — the  milk  is  then, 
so  to  speak,  neutralized — we  heat  the  milk  to  a  temperature  between 
65  and  75°  F.  and  add  standard  acetic  acid  solutions  in  5  cubic  centi¬ 
meter  amounts  from  the  other  burette  B,  shaking  after  each  addition 
until  25  cubic  centimeters  have  been  added.  If  at  this  point  the 
casein  does  not  settle  readily  and  in  large  flakes,  add  more  of  the 
standard  acid  (1  cubic  centimeter  at  a  time)  until  the  desired  result 
is  obtained.  The  number  of  cubic  centimeters  of  standard  acid 
used  is  recorded  as  A.  The  flask  is  then  filled  up  with  distilled  water 
to  the  200  cubic  centimeter  mark,  the  contents  vigorously  shaken 
for  about  ten  to  fifteen  seconds,  and  then  filtered  through  dry  filter 
paper  or  fine  meshed  linen  into  a  dry  teacup  or  beaker  glass.  The 
filtrate  obtained  should  be  clear.  One  hundred  cubic  centimeters 


425 


22 


EXPERIMENT  STATION  WORK,  LX. 


of  this  filtrate  is  then  measured  out  by  means  of  the  pipette  (fig.  2) 
into  another  dry  teacup.  To  this  we  add  standard  sodium  hydrate 
solution,  drop  wise,  until  we  get  a  faint  but  permanent  pink  colora¬ 
tion  which  should  remain  a  half  minute  or  so  before  beginning  to 
fade.  The  number  of  centimeters  of  standard  sodium  hydrate  solu¬ 
tion  used  is  recorded  as  B. 

To  calculate  the  amount  of  casein  in  the  milk  we  use  the  following 
A 

formula:  ~y  —  B  =  per  cent  of  casein  in  milk.  Divide  the  figure  recorded 


as  A,  which  equals  the  number  of  centimeters  of  standard  acid  solu¬ 
tion  used,  by  2  and  from  the  result  obtained  subtract  the  figure 
recorded  as  B,  or  the  number  of  centimeters  of  standard  alkali  used. 
The  figure  obtained  represents  the  percentage  of  casein  in  the  milk. 

For  example:  A  milk  required  30  cubic  centimeters  of  standard 
acid  solution  to  precipitate  the  casein,  thus  A  =  30.  The  amount  of 
standard  sodium  hydrate  solution  required  for  100  cubic  centimeters 
of  the  filtrate  was  11.95  cubic  centimeters,  thus  5=11.95.  The 

A 

calculation  is  then  —  =  15  -  yL95  =  3.05  per  cent  of  casein  in  the  milk. 


THE  HART  (WISCONSIN  STATION)  TEST. 

The  Wisconsin  Station  lias  introduced  a  test  by  Hart,®  which 
presents  some  good  features,  namely,  the  percentage  of  casein  can 
be  read  off  directly,  not  necessitating  calculation,  and  it  is  as  easily 
executed  as  the  Babcock  test  for  fat.  For  this  test  it  is  necessary  to 
have  the  following  apparatus  and  chemicals  (fig.  3): 

(a)  Testing  bottles:  These  are  very  much  like  an  inverted  Babcock 
bottle  and  can  be  bought  from  any  leading  dairy  supply  house. 

(b)  A  centrifuge,  very  much  like  the  one  used  in  the  Babcock  test, 
only  with  the  exception  that  the  test-bottle  holder  is  different. 

(c)  A  test-bottle  rack.  This  can  also  be  made  from  an  ordinary 
board  with  borings  in  it  and  with  a  block  at  each  end  for  supports. 

(d)  A  100  cubic  centimeter  measuring  cylinder,  graduated  in 
cubic  centimeters. 

(c)  One  1,000  cubic  centimeter  bottle  for  diluting  the  acetic  acid. 

(/)  One  50  cubic  centimeter  burette  with  a  glass  stopcock  for 
measuring  out  the  chloroform  and  stand. 

(g)  One  5  cubic  centimeter  pipette  for  measuring  out  the  milk. 

(h)  One  20  cubic  centimeter  pipette  for  measuring  out  the  acetic 
acid . 

a  Wisconsin  Sta.  Bui.  15G;  Circ.  Inform.  10. 

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EXPERIMENT  STATION  WORK,  LX 


23 


(i)  Chloroform,  pure.  Do  not  buy  over  2  pounds.  It  can  be 
bought  from  any  good  local  drug  store  or  dairy  supply  house. 


Fig.  3. — Apparatus  required  in  the  Hart  (Wisconsin  Station)  casein  test. 

(j)  A  0.25  per  cent  solution  of  acetic  acid.  This  can  be  made  by 
diluting  glacial  acetic  acid  (99.5  per  cent  pure — this  can  also  be 
425 


24 


EXPERIMENT  STATION  WORK,  LX. 


purchased  from  any  good  dairy  supply  or  drug  house)  tenfold  with 
clear  rain  water  or  condensed  steam  (10  cubic  centimeters  of  acetic 
acid  to  90  cubic  centimeters  of  water)  making  a  10  per  cent  solution, 
and  then  diluting  25  cubic  centimeters  of  the  10  per  cent  solution  up 
to  1,000  cubic  centimeters  with  water  in  the  flask  shown  in  figure  3. 

(I)  One  Fahrenheit  thermometer,  212°  F.  (narrow  bore). 

As  a  preliminary  to  the  test  the  following  precautions  must  be 
strictly  observed : 

(a)  The  room  in  which  the  testing  is  done  must  have  a  temperature 
from  60°  to  70°  F.  The  cheese-making  room  will  not  do  for  this 
work,  as  it  is  probably  too  warm  in  the  summer  and  too  cold  in  winter. 
The  curing  room  may  serve  the  purpose  admirably. 

(b)  The  milk  to  be  tested  should  have  a  temperature  from  65°  to 

75°  F.  .  :  - 41 

(c)  The  acetic  acid  must  have  a  temperature  in  the  neighborhood 
of  70°  F.  (Not  over  5  degrees  one  way  or  the  other.) 

The  test  is  done  as  follows:  The  test  bottles  are  placed  in  the  rack 
and  into  each  bottle  is  measured  with  the  burette  2  cubic  centimeters 
of  chloroform.  Then  add  to  the  test  bottles  containing  the  chloro¬ 
form  20  cubic  centimeters  of  the  0.25  per  cent  acetic  acid  solution, 
and  finally  with  the  pipette  5  cubic  centimeters  of  the  well-mixed 
milk.  Each  of  the  test  bottles  is  then  successively  taken,  corked 
with  the  ball  of  the  thumb,  inverted,  and  shaken  vigorously  for 
fifteen  to  twenty  seconds  by  the  watch.  The  accurate  observation 
of  the  time  of  shaking  is  absolutely  necessary,  as  otherwise  the  results 
obtained  will  be  wrong.  After  this  preliminary  shaking  process  the 
bottles  are  placed  in  the  centrifuge  and  whirled  from  seven  and 
one-lialf  to  eight  minutes,  making  it  a  point  to  turn  the  handle  of 
the  centrifuge  56  times  per  minute.  (The  number  of  times  of  turning 
the  handle  can  be  well  regulated  by  using  a  metronome,  such  as 
music  pupils  use  for  beating  time,  and  which  can  be  tuned  to  beat 
audibly  56  times  a  minute.)  After  the  whirling  or  centrifuging  proc¬ 
ess  the  bottles  are  taken  out  of  the  centrifuge  or  tester  and  placed 
again  in  the  rack  and  allowed  to  stand  for  ten  minutes.  (It  is  not 
absolutely  necessary  to  have  the  bottles  stand  for  exactly  ten  min¬ 
utes — can  stand  up  to  twenty-four  hours — but  in  no  instance  must 
they  rest  less  than  ten  minutes.)  After  the  necessary  time  of  rest  has 
elapsed  the  height  of  the  precipitated  curd-  or  casein  can  be  meas¬ 
ured  on  the  scale,  which  is  etched  on  the  test  bottle.  It  is  best  done 
as  follows:  Hold  the  tube  in  a  perpendicular  position  with  the  scale 
on  a  level  with  the  eve  and  observe  the  divisions  which  mark  the 

4 / 

highest  and  the  lowest  limits  of  casein.  (See  fig.  3,  fc.)  The  difference 
between  them  gives  directly  the  percentage  of  casein  in  the  milk. 

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